Inverse modeling is a technique used in various scientific disciplines, including geophysics, environmental science, and engineering, to estimate the parameters of a complex system based on observed data. The goal of inverse modeling is to determine the input parameters or properties of a system that best explain the observed output or behavior. This is typically done by using mathematical models and algorithms to iteratively adjust the input parameters until the model output matches the observed data as closely as possible. Inverse modeling is often used in applications such as climate modeling, groundwater flow simulation, and image reconstruction.